【英语每日读】纽约时报丨为什么运动能预防癌症?炎症可能起作用-安徽艾约塔硅油

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【英语每日读】纽约时报丨为什么运动能预防癌症?炎症可能起作用

阅读量：3751467 2019-10-24

原文

Why Does Exercise Guard Against Cancer? Inflammation May Play a Role
One of the most important benefits of exercise is in how it reduces our risk of developing a number of types of cancer—especially colorectal cancer, which according to some estimates is the malignancy most influenced by physical activity.
But how workouts guard against colon cancer remains largely unknown. Physical activity speeds the movement of waste through the intestines, as anyone who has had to hunt for a bathroom during a workout knows.
But this does not seem to fully account for the protective effects of exercise. Instead, a small study published in February in The Journal of Physiology suggests we should also look to changes in our bloodstream after exercise.
The new study began with scientists at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, and other institutions recruiting 20 men who had survived colon cancer. (Women were excluded because menstruation might have affected results.)
The scientists asked 10 of the men to start working out strenuously three times a week: pedaling a stationary bicycle hard for four minutes, resting for three, and repeating that sequence three more times. They trained for a month and then, a few days after completing the program, rested quietly while researchers drew blood.
The other 10 men completed the same 4 x 4 interval session, but>The scientists then carefully added a tiny amount of fluid from the men’s blood to petri dishes containing human colon-cancer tumor cells often used to study cancer growth. At several points during the subsequent 72 hours, the researchers counted the numbers of cells in each dish. They soon saw substantial differences.
In the dishes containing fluid taken from the men immediately after a single workout, the scientists counted far fewer cancer cells than in those awash in fluid drawn two hours after exercise. There was no similar decline in the dishes from the men who had trained for a month. In effect, something about the blood drawn immediately after the workout was slowing the growth of cancer cells.
The researchers think they may have identified that something in subsequent analyses of the men’s blood. They found a large increase in molecules involved in inflammation immediately after exercise. Inflammation can slow cell growth and reproduction.
So a transitory increase in inflammatory markers after exercise might be helping to jam the proliferation of tumor cells, says Tina Skinner, a physiologist who was the senior author of the study.
The implications of these results are both cheering and cautionary. The changes in exercisers’ blood were potent but “transient,” Skinner says.
So activities would have to be repeated to provide any continuing protection, and it remains unclear how intense or prolonged that exercise ideally would need to be, or if the effects extend equally to fighting other types of cancer.
But even so, Skinner says, “We would recommend that exercise be embedded as part of standard practice for people living with and beyond cancer.” (512words)
解析Why Does Exercise Guard Against Cancer? Inflammation May Play a Role
为什么运动能预防癌症？炎症可能起作用
One of the most important benefits of exercise is in how it reduces our risk of developing a number of types of cancer—especially colorectal cancer(癌，肿瘤), which according to someestimates is the malignancy(恶性肿瘤) most influenced byphysical activity.
运动最重要的好处之一就是降低我们患多种癌症的风险，尤其是直肠癌，据一些研究，在恶性肿瘤中，运动对直肠癌最有效。
重点单词estimate ['est?m?t]vt. 评估，评价e.g. He is highly estimated among his colleagues. 他的同事们对他的评价很高。重点词组physical activity n. 体育活动，体力活动e.g. Do you like physical activity and the outdoor?      你喜欢体育活动吗？
But how workouts guard against colon cancer(癌，肿瘤) remains largely unknown. Physical activity speeds the movement of waste through the intestines (肠), as anyone who has had to hunt for a bathroom during a workout knows.
但是运动如何能预防直肠癌仍然是个未知数。在运动时你会发现上厕所的频率更高了，因为运动加速了排泄物在肠道中的运动。
重点单词workout ['w??ka?t]n. 锻炼e.g. Give your upper body a workout by using handweights. 用哑铃锻炼一下你的上半身。重点词组hunt for搜寻，寻找e.g. I've found the book I was hunting for. 我已找到了我当时在搜寻的那本书。
But this does not seem to fully account for the protective effects of exercise. Instead, a small study published in February in The Journal of Physiology suggests we should also look to changes in our bloodstream(血流) after exercise.但这似乎不能完全解释运动的预防作用。不过，2月份在《生理学杂志》上发表的一项小型研究建议我们可以更多地关注运动后血液的变化。
重点单词protective [pr?'tekt?v]adj. 保护的e.g. We feel safe with a protective device in the house. 我们因为家里有了防护装置而感到安全。重点词组account for 对……做出解释e.g. He could not account for his absence from school. 他无法说明他旷课的原因。
The new study began with scientists at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, and other institutions recruiting 20 men who had survived colon cancer. (Women were excluded because menstruation(月经) might have affected results.)
这项新的研究由澳大利亚昆士兰大学和其他机构的科学家发起，他们招募了20名直肠癌患者。（女性被排除在外，因为月经可能会影响结果。）
重点单词1.scientist['sa??nt?st]n. 科学家e.g. The scientist needs some delicate instruments. 这位科学家需要一些精密的仪器。2.institution [??nst?'tju??n]1) n. 机构，学校e.g. All the leading government institutions are quartered here. 政府的主要机构都设在这里。
2) n. 制度e.g. I believe in the institution of marriage. 我相信婚姻制度。 3.recruit [r?'kru?t]vt. 招募，招收e.g. His job was to recruit for the army. 他的工作是为陆军募兵。4.survive [s?'va?v]vt. 幸免于难；存活e.g. He survived the earthquake.   他在地震中存活下来了。
The scientists asked 10 of the men to start working outstrenuously three times a week: pedaling a stationary bicycle hard for four minutes, resting for three, and repeating that sequence three more times. They trained for a month and then, a few days after completing the program, rested quietly while researchers drew blood.
科学家们要求10名男性一周做三次剧烈运动：用力踩静止单车四分钟，休息三分钟，再重复三次。训练了一个月之后，十个人完成了运动计划。几天后，研究人员在他们休息时进行抽血。
重点单词1.strenuously ['strenju?sli]adv. 使劲地e.g. Jack strenuously denied rumors that he would resign. 杰克极力否认他将辞职的谣言。2.pedal ['ped(?)l]vi./vt. 骑（自行车），踩踏板e.g. The pilot has to pedal hard to get it into the air. 驾驶员不得不使劲踩踏板才能使它飞上天。3.stationary ['ste???nri]adj. 静止的，不动的e.g. He crashed into a stationary bus. 他撞了一辆停着不动的公共汽车。4.sequence ['si?kw?ns]n. 连续e.g. She made a sequence of dance movements. 她做了一个连续的舞蹈动作。
The other 10 men completed the same 4 x 4 interval session, but>另外10名男性完成了同样的4×4间歇训练，但只做了一次。研究人员在这项单独的运动之前、完成之后以及完成两个小时之后抽取了他们的血液。
重点单词interval ['?nt?vl]n. 休息时间e.g. The performance runs 2 hours 30 minutes including an interval. 整个演出2小时30分,包括中间休息。
The scientists then carefully added a tiny amount of fluid from the men’s blood to petri dishes(培养皿) containing human colon-cancer tumor（肿瘤）cells often used to study cancer growth. At several points during the subsequent 72 hours, the researchers counted the numbers of cells in each dish. They soon saw substantial differences.
然后，科学家们小心地在含有人类结肠癌肿瘤细胞（通常用于研究癌细胞生长）的培养皿中加入少量男性血液中的液体。在接下来的72小时里，研究人员计算了每个培养皿中细胞的数量。他们很快就看到了实质性的差异。
重点单词1.tiny['ta?ni]adj. 极小的，微小的e.g. We're struggling along> 我们依靠极少的收入过活。2.fluid  ['flu??d]
n. 液体e.g. Water is a fluid substance. 水是流体。3.subsequent  ['s?bs?kw?nt]
adj. 随后的e.g. Subsequent events proved me wrong. 后来发生的事证明我错了。4.count [ka?nt]1) vt. 计算e.g. It is not humanly possible to count so quickly as computers. 人类无法像计算机那样计算的那么快。
2) vt. 认为，看作e.g. I count him as my best friend. 我把他看作是我最好的朋友。5.substantial  [s?b'st?n?l]
adj. 实质的e.g. The reforms have made substantial headway. 改革取得了实质的进展。
In the dishes containing fluid taken from the men immediately after a single workout, the scientists counted far fewer cancer cells than in those awash in fluid drawn two hours after exercise. There was no similar decline in the dishes from the men who had trained for a month. In effect, something about the blood drawn immediately after the workout was slowing the growth of cancer cells.相比运动后2小时才抽取的血液，科学家发现在将运动后立即取出的血液加入培养皿后癌细胞会大量减少，而运动后一个月的血液也无法达到这种效果。实际上，锻炼后立即抽取的血液会减缓癌细胞的生长。
重点单词1.awash [?'w??]adj. 被淹没的e.g. The ship's deck was awash in the storm. 在暴风中轮船的甲板被海水漫过。2.immediately [?'mi?di?tli]adv. 立即e.g. He immediately flung himself to the floor. 他立即扑倒在地。重点短语in effect实际上
e.g. In effect, we’ll be earning less than we were last year.   实际上，我们的收入将比去年少。
The researchers think they may have identified that something in subsequent analyses of the men’s blood. They found a large increase in molecules(分子) involved in inflammation(炎症) immediately after exercise. Inflammation can slow cell growth and reproduction.
研究人员认为他们可能在随后的血液分析中发现了一些东西。他们发现运动后，诱发炎症的分子会急速增加，而炎症可以减缓细胞生长与繁殖。
重点单词identify[a?'dent?fa?]vi./vt. 识别，鉴别e.g. The markings are so blurred that it is difficult to identify. 标记模糊不清，难以识别。
So a transitory increase in inflammatory markers after exercise might be helping to jam the proliferation of tumor(肿瘤) cells, says Tina Skinner, a physiologist who was the senior author of the study.
这项研究的资深作者、生理学家蒂娜·斯金纳说：“因此，运动后炎症分子的短暂增加可能有助于癌症细胞的繁殖。”
重点单词1.transitory['tr?ns?tri]adj. 暂时的 e.g. These feelings tend to be transitory. 这些感觉多是暂时的。2.jam[d??m]vt. 塞满e.g. The holiday traffic is jamming the roads. 假日的车辆堵塞了交通。3.proliferation [pr??l?f?'re??n]n. 繁殖e.g. New cell division and proliferation stop as the organism matures. 新的细胞分裂和繁殖随生物体成熟而停止。
The implications of these results are both cheering andcautionary. The changes in exercisers’ blood were potent but“transient,” Skinner says.
这些结果的寓意既让人振奋又令人警觉。斯金纳说，运动者血液中的变化对癌症是强有力的，但同时也是“短暂的”。
重点单词1.implication [??mpl?'ke??n]
n. 含义e.g. He has not actually realized the full implication. 他还没有真正认识到全部含义。2.cheering  ['t???r??]n. 欢呼e.g. People were cheering and jumping. 人们欢呼着，跳跃着。3.cautionary ['k????n?ri]adj. 警戒的e.g. In her conclusion, the author sounds a cautionary note. 作者在结尾时敲响了警钟。4.potent ['p??tnt]adj. 强有力的e.g. We must take account of his potent influence. 我们必须考虑到他的强有力的影响。5.transient ['tr?nzi?nt] 　adj. 短暂的e.g. We stayed at the inn as transient guests. 我们在小酒馆中只作短暂停留。
So activities would have to be repeated to provide any continuing protection, and it remains unclear how intense orprolonged that exercise ideally would need to be, or if the effects extend equally to fighting other types of cancer.
因此，必须坚持运动以提供持续的癌症预防效果，目前尚不清楚理想情况下运动的强度需要有多大、持续时间需要多长，或者其影响是否对其他癌症也有效。
重点单词1.prolong [pr?'l??]
vt. 延长e.g. How can we endeavor to prolong the brevity of human life? 我们怎样才能延长短促的人生？2.ideally [a?'di??li]adv. 理想地e.g. Ideally, your car should have high-security locks. 理想情况下，你的车应该有高安全锁。3.extend  [?k'stend]vi./vt. 延长，延续e.g. Theoretically, a line can extend into infinity. 从理论上来说直线可以无限地延伸。
But even so, Skinner says, “We would recommend that exercise be embedded as part of standard practice for people living with and beyond cancer.”
尽管如此，斯金纳说，“我们还是建议癌症患者和预防癌症人群将运动作为健康生活实践的一部分。”
重点单词1.embed [?m'bed]vt. 嵌入e.g. The scene was embedded in his memory. 那一幕情景深深地留在他的记忆。2.standard['st?nd?d]n. 标准e.g. There is no absolute standard for beauty. 美是没有绝对的标准的。
拓展阅读运动后吃什么咩？
减肥运动的人，可能会有这样的纠结：1. 加班后去跑步，健身房出来八点多了，要不要吃法呢？2. 碳水吃多了会发胖，不吃饿的快，运动后吃什么？
今天就和大家聊聊，运动中碳水化合物的问题：无论你是为了减脂、塑形还是增肌，都不要忽视碳水化合物的重要作用。
低碳水，高蛋白的饮食是非常不可取的，○低碳水会导致：○大脑运转“歇菜”○可能口臭+便秘○维生素B、矿物质，纤维素供给不足○肌肉的肌糖原水平下降○短时期体重下降
那运动后如何补充碳水化合物？